Jumping spiders have some of the most elaborate and complex mating rituals in the arthropod world. There are a some really good theories behind this complexity, and in today's post we will discuss a few of them.
Many male spiders use vibration as a signal when courting an attractive female, and jumping spiders are no exception. However, unlike many spiders, salticids also have very elaborate visual displays to accompany their vibratory signalling. When you combine the visual display (signal) and the vibratory display (know as a seismic signal in the scientific community), you end up with what is called a multi-modal signal. In other words, if you (the signaler) emit a signal over multiple sensory channels (seismic + visual in this case) you can potential provide more information in less time to the listener (receiver). For instance, the seismic signal could say one thing (ex: I'm a male of your species), while the visual signal could say something else (ex: I'm really fit and attractive!). However, the cost of sending signals this way include things like increased complexity of the transmission, which also increases the difficulty of sending this signal without making an error. This idea of increased difficulty is one of the ideas behind a jumping spiders multi-modal courtship. By using a more complex and difficult to produce signal, the male spider can potentially increase his attractiveness to the female by demonstrating how much more fit he is than his competitors. To put it in more human terms, think of it as having to choose between a mate who can do push-ups while doing basic arithmatic (ex: 2+2=4) in his head versus a mate who can do as more pushups while also doing calculus (ex: d/dx tan x = sec2 x) in his head. Pretty easy choice right?
Another idea (the signal redundancy hypothesis) asserts that these multi-modal signals are not sending multiple pieces of information, but rather the same information two different ways. The idea here is that if one signal is blocked or poorly received, for instance because the light is poor, then the second part of the signal can compensate for the deficiency. This theory makes a lot of sense when you consider the environments in which some of these spiders live. Tropical forests, for example, have a patchy light distribution and so a spider may not always be able to signal in the lighting that makes him look best. In this case, he would rely on the seismic signal to help him impress the ladies. While he would probably give the best impression in bright light and a nice seismically conductive surface, the males have adapted to being able to signal even under less than ideal conditions. After all, when the consequences of not impressing a female on the first try include death, you don't want to mess things up when you do find the elusive mate you've been hunting.
Enough with theory, how about some practice? The video below is an excellent example of multi-modal courtship. What you will be watching is a male spider courting a female spider. The female is the one who is pinned in place with wax, while the male is the one moving around and making all of the buzzing and revving sounds. It does take the male about 30 seconds to really get going, but once he does, he puts on quite the show!
For other examples of salticid courtship, I highly recommend searching youtube for "Jumping spider courtship," there is some amazing footage and even a few amusing remixes on the site.
Happy spidering!
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